26. Tom notices that he is a lot more short of breath after he finishes a 200 meter sprint than when he jogs for 3 miles. He is confused because he feels as if he should feel more tired when he runs for a much longer distance. Explain to him why it makes sense that he is indeed more short of breath after running a sprint than jogging. Make sure to explain it using your scientific knowledge of cellular respiration. Intense excercise requires more energy than light activity, therefore your ceullular respiration increases. Your cells can only process a certain amount of energy at a time. When going so fast in a short amount of time, the onxygen cannot get delivered fast enough making you short on oxygen. Tom must breath really fast to try and take in as much oxygen as possible.
27. A scientist isolates mitochondria form human cells and places them in an acid solution. The acid penetrates the intermembranous space of the mitochondria. The scientist then notices that the mitochondria start making ATP despite the fact that he is not providing any glucose for them. How is it possible that the mitochondria are still making ATP? (Think back to what an acid is, what it releases when placed in a solution and why this would make the mitochondria synthesize ATP). Hydrogen ions are released when acid is placed in a solution. The hydrogen ions transport from high concentration to low concentration from the matrix to the intermembranous. Chemiosmosis can now take place which leads to electron transport chain and ATP is made. Glycolysis is skipped at the begining because hydrogen ions are what is made and the acid supplies the mitochondria with them, allowing glycolysis to be unneeded.
28. Genetic testing reveals that baby Helen has a defective gene that results in the defective production of one of the proteins in the electron transport chain. Because of faulty instructions in her DNA, one of the proteins in her ETC is mis-shapen, and therefore it cannot perform its function as efficiently. Baby Helen is “failing to thrive” as she is having a hard time gaining weight and reaching developmental milestones. Using your knowledge of the ETC and its role in making ATP, explain why you think baby Helen is having the problems described above. This is happening because one of her proteins are mutated and therefore sending the wrong signals to the ETC. She is not getting the full amount of hydrogen ions fast enough causing ATP synthase to delay and not enough energy is being supplied to Helen to help her body to grow.
29. Compare the basic transformation of energy during photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Photosynthesis starts out with energy from the sun which is chemical energy and is turned into glucose which is food energy. Chlorophyll absorbs the suns light then goes through the electron transport chain then is made into atp and nadph. Now in the calvin cycle, atp and nadph make glucose. the formula: sunlight + carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen. Cellular respiration starts with chemical energy from glucose gets made into ATP energy for use. The glucose made in photosynthesis goes to the mitochondria of the cell and goes through glycolysis, krebs cycle, and ETC. The glucose is now usable ATP energy. The formula: glucose + oxygen = ATP + water + carbon dioxide
30. Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions. What is ATP used for in your cells? How do your cells get energy out of a molecule of ATP? How is ATP recharged? ATP is used for energy in all cells to keep yourself alive, thriving and growing. The cells get energy out of a molecule by breaking off one phosphate. ATP is recharged when another phosphate attatches to ADP, recreating ATP and this happens when food is consumed.
Intense excercise requires more energy than light activity, therefore your ceullular respiration increases. Your cells can only process a certain amount of energy at a time. When going so fast in a short amount of time, the onxygen cannot get delivered fast enough making you short on oxygen. Tom must breath really fast to try and take in as much oxygen as possible.
27. A scientist isolates mitochondria form human cells and places them in an acid solution. The acid penetrates the intermembranous space of the mitochondria. The scientist then notices that the mitochondria start making ATP despite the fact that he is not providing any glucose for them. How is it possible that the mitochondria are still making ATP? (Think back to what an acid is, what it releases when placed in a solution and why this would make the mitochondria synthesize ATP).
Hydrogen ions are released when acid is placed in a solution. The hydrogen ions transport from high concentration to low concentration from the matrix to the intermembranous. Chemiosmosis can now take place which leads to electron transport chain and ATP is made. Glycolysis is skipped at the begining because hydrogen ions are what is made and the acid supplies the mitochondria with them, allowing glycolysis to be unneeded.
28. Genetic testing reveals that baby Helen has a defective gene that results in the defective production of one of the proteins in the electron transport chain. Because of faulty instructions in her DNA, one of the proteins in her ETC is mis-shapen, and therefore it cannot perform its function as efficiently. Baby Helen is “failing to thrive” as she is having a hard time gaining weight and reaching developmental milestones. Using your knowledge of the ETC and its role in making ATP, explain why you think baby Helen is having the problems described above.
This is happening because one of her proteins are mutated and therefore sending the wrong signals to the ETC. She is not getting the full amount of hydrogen ions fast enough causing ATP synthase to delay and not enough energy is being supplied to Helen to help her body to grow.
29. Compare the basic transformation of energy during photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Photosynthesis starts out with energy from the sun which is chemical energy and is turned into glucose which is food energy. Chlorophyll absorbs the suns light then goes through the electron transport chain then is made into atp and nadph. Now in the calvin cycle, atp and nadph make glucose. the formula: sunlight + carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen. Cellular respiration starts with chemical energy from glucose gets made into ATP energy for use. The glucose made in photosynthesis goes to the mitochondria of the cell and goes through glycolysis, krebs cycle, and ETC. The glucose is now usable ATP energy. The formula: glucose + oxygen = ATP + water + carbon dioxide
30. Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions. What is ATP used for in your cells? How do your cells get energy out of a molecule of ATP? How is ATP recharged?
ATP is used for energy in all cells to keep yourself alive, thriving and growing. The cells get energy out of a molecule by breaking off one phosphate. ATP is recharged when another phosphate attatches to ADP, recreating ATP and this happens when food is consumed.